Gecko [ corporacionhdm.com.pe ]

Name	Size	Permission	Date
bigdecimal	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x	2025-06-26 10:35
cgi	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x	2025-06-26 10:35
did_you_mean	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x	2025-06-26 10:35
digest	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x	2025-06-26 10:35
erb	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x	2025-06-26 10:35
error_highlight	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x	2025-06-26 10:35
fiddle	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x	2025-06-26 10:35
forwardable	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x	2025-06-26 10:35
io	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x	2025-05-29 13:39
json	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x	2025-06-26 10:35
logger	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x	2025-06-26 10:35
net	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x	2025-06-26 10:35
objspace	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x	2025-06-26 10:35
open3	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x	2025-06-26 10:35
openssl	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x	2025-06-26 10:35
optparse	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x	2025-06-26 10:35
prism	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x	2025-06-26 10:35
psych	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x	2025-06-26 10:35
random	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x	2025-06-26 10:35
reline	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x	2025-06-26 10:35
ripper	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x	2025-06-26 10:35
ruby_vm	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x	2025-03-29 10:39
set	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x	2025-06-26 10:35
strscan	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x	2025-06-26 10:35
syntax_suggest	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x	2025-06-26 10:35
unicode_normalize	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x	2025-06-26 10:35
uri	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x	2025-06-26 10:35
vendor_ruby	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x	2025-05-29 13:39
yaml	[ DIR ]	drwxr-xr-x	2025-06-26 10:35
English.rb	5.54 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
benchmark.rb	18.66 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
bundled_gems.rb	7.28 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
cgi.rb	9.83 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
coverage.rb	368 B	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
date.rb	1.17 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
delegate.rb	11.68 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
did_you_mean.rb	4.51 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
digest.rb	3.3 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
erb.rb	14.53 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
error_highlight.rb	84 B	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
expect.rb	2.19 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
fiddle.rb	3.67 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
fileutils.rb	78.8 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
find.rb	2.52 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
forwardable.rb	9.03 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
ipaddr.rb	22.4 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
json.rb	19.58 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
logger.rb	22.49 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
mkmf.rb	92.63 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
monitor.rb	6.97 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
objspace.rb	4.14 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
open-uri.rb	28.38 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
open3.rb	47.51 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
openssl.rb	1.06 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
optionparser.rb	59 B	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
optparse.rb	64.17 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
ostruct.rb	14.22 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
pathname.rb	17.2 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
pp.rb	18.36 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
prettyprint.rb	15.93 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
prism.rb	2.93 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
pstore.rb	20.36 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
psych.rb	25.1 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
readline.rb	215 B	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
reline.rb	14.93 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
resolv.rb	86.88 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
ripper.rb	2.44 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
securerandom.rb	2.28 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
set.rb	25 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
shellwords.rb	7.53 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
singleton.rb	5.52 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
socket.rb	59.49 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
syntax_suggest.rb	74 B	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
tempfile.rb	20.68 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
time.rb	23.96 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
timeout.rb	5.72 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
tmpdir.rb	5.62 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
tsort.rb	14.29 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
un.rb	11.17 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
uri.rb	3.09 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
weakref.rb	1.36 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39
yaml.rb	2.13 KB	-rw-r--r--	2025-05-29 13:39

Rename

# frozen_string_literal: true

#
# = open3.rb: Popen, but with stderr, too
#
# Author:: Yukihiro Matsumoto
# Documentation:: Konrad Meyer
#
# Open3 gives you access to stdin, stdout, and stderr when running other
# programs.
#

#
# Open3 grants you access to stdin, stdout, stderr and a thread to wait for the
# child process when running another program.
# You can specify various attributes, redirections, current directory, etc., of
# the program in the same way as for Process.spawn.
#
# - Open3.popen3 : pipes for stdin, stdout, stderr
# - Open3.popen2 : pipes for stdin, stdout
# - Open3.popen2e : pipes for stdin, merged stdout and stderr
# - Open3.capture3 : give a string for stdin; get strings for stdout, stderr
# - Open3.capture2 : give a string for stdin; get a string for stdout
# - Open3.capture2e : give a string for stdin; get a string for merged stdout and stderr
# - Open3.pipeline_rw : pipes for first stdin and last stdout of a pipeline
# - Open3.pipeline_r : pipe for last stdout of a pipeline
# - Open3.pipeline_w : pipe for first stdin of a pipeline
# - Open3.pipeline_start : run a pipeline without waiting
# - Open3.pipeline : run a pipeline and wait for its completion
#

require 'open3/version'

# \Module \Open3 supports creating child processes
# with access to their $stdin, $stdout, and $stderr streams.
#
# == What's Here
#
# Each of these methods executes a given command in a new process or subshell,
# or multiple commands in new processes and/or subshells:
#
# - Each of these methods executes a single command in a process or subshell,
#   accepts a string for input to $stdin,
#   and returns string output from $stdout, $stderr, or both:
#
#   - Open3.capture2: Executes the command;
#     returns the string from $stdout.
#   - Open3.capture2e: Executes the command;
#     returns the string from merged $stdout and $stderr.
#   - Open3.capture3: Executes the command;
#     returns strings from $stdout and $stderr.
#
# - Each of these methods executes a single command in a process or subshell,
#   and returns pipes for $stdin, $stdout, and/or $stderr:
#
#   - Open3.popen2: Executes the command;
#     returns pipes for $stdin and $stdout.
#   - Open3.popen2e: Executes the command;
#     returns pipes for $stdin and merged $stdout and $stderr.
#   - Open3.popen3: Executes the command;
#     returns pipes for $stdin, $stdout, and $stderr.
#
# - Each of these methods executes one or more commands in processes and/or subshells,
#   returns pipes for the first $stdin, the last $stdout, or both:
#
#   - Open3.pipeline_r: Returns a pipe for the last $stdout.
#   - Open3.pipeline_rw: Returns pipes for the first $stdin and the last $stdout.
#   - Open3.pipeline_w: Returns a pipe for the first $stdin.
#   - Open3.pipeline_start: Does not wait for processes to complete.
#   - Open3.pipeline: Waits for processes to complete.
#
# Each of the methods above accepts:
#
# - An optional hash of environment variable names and values;
#   see {Execution Environment}[rdoc-ref:Process@Execution+Environment].
# - A required string argument that is a +command_line+ or +exe_path+;
#   see {Argument command_line or exe_path}[rdoc-ref:Process@Argument+command_line+or+exe_path].
# - An optional hash of execution options;
#   see {Execution Options}[rdoc-ref:Process@Execution+Options].
#
module Open3

# :call-seq:
 # Open3.popen3([env, ] command_line, options = {}) -> [stdin, stdout, stderr, wait_thread]
 # Open3.popen3([env, ] exe_path, *args, options = {}) -> [stdin, stdout, stderr, wait_thread]
 # Open3.popen3([env, ] command_line, options = {}) {|stdin, stdout, stderr, wait_thread| ... } -> object
 # Open3.popen3([env, ] exe_path, *args, options = {}) {|stdin, stdout, stderr, wait_thread| ... } -> object
 #
 # Basically a wrapper for
 # {Process.spawn}[rdoc-ref:Process.spawn]
 # that:
 #
 # - Creates a child process, by calling Process.spawn with the given arguments.
 # - Creates streams +stdin+, +stdout+, and +stderr+,
 # which are the standard input, standard output, and standard error streams
 # in the child process.
 # - Creates thread +wait_thread+ that waits for the child process to exit;
 # the thread has method +pid+, which returns the process ID
 # of the child process.
 #
 # With no block given, returns the array
 # <tt>[stdin, stdout, stderr, wait_thread]</tt>.
 # The caller should close each of the three returned streams.
 #
 # stdin, stdout, stderr, wait_thread = Open3.popen3('echo')
 # # => [#<IO:fd 8>, #<IO:fd 10>, #<IO:fd 12>, #<Process::Waiter:0x00007f58d5428f58 run>]
 # stdin.close
 # stdout.close
 # stderr.close
 # wait_thread.pid # => 2210481
 # wait_thread.value # => #<Process::Status: pid 2210481 exit 0>
 #
 # With a block given, calls the block with the four variables
 # (three streams and the wait thread)
 # and returns the block's return value.
 # The caller need not close the streams:
 #
 # Open3.popen3('echo') do |stdin, stdout, stderr, wait_thread|
 # p stdin
 # p stdout
 # p stderr
 # p wait_thread
 # p wait_thread.pid
 # p wait_thread.value
 # end
 #
 # Output:
 #
 # #<IO:fd 6>
 # #<IO:fd 7>
 # #<IO:fd 9>
 # #<Process::Waiter:0x00007f58d53606e8 sleep>
 # 2211047
 # #<Process::Status: pid 2211047 exit 0>
 #
 # Like Process.spawn, this method has potential security vulnerabilities
 # if called with untrusted input;
 # see {Command Injection}[rdoc-ref:command_injection.rdoc@Command+Injection].
 #
 # Unlike Process.spawn, this method waits for the child process to exit
 # before returning, so the caller need not do so.
 #
 # If the first argument is a hash, it becomes leading argument +env+
 # in the call to Process.spawn;
 # see {Execution Environment}[rdoc-ref:Process@Execution+Environment].
 #
 # If the last argument is a hash, it becomes trailing argument +options+
 # in the call to Process.spawn;
 # see {Execution Options}[rdoc-ref:Process@Execution+Options].
 #
 # The single required argument is one of the following:
 #
 # - +command_line+ if it is a string,
 # and if it begins with a shell reserved word or special built-in,
 # or if it contains one or more metacharacters.
 # - +exe_path+ otherwise.
 #
 # Argument +command_line+
 #
 # \String argument +command_line+ is a command line to be passed to a shell;
 # it must begin with a shell reserved word, begin with a special built-in,
 # or contain meta characters:
 #
 # Open3.popen3('if true; then echo "Foo"; fi') {|*args| p args } # Shell reserved word.
 # Open3.popen3('echo') {|*args| p args } # Built-in.
 # Open3.popen3('date > date.tmp') {|*args| p args } # Contains meta character.
 #
 # Output (similar for each call above):
 #
 # [#<IO:(closed)>, #<IO:(closed)>, #<IO:(closed)>, #<Process::Waiter:0x00007f58d52f28c8 dead>]
 #
 # The command line may also contain arguments and options for the command:
 #
 # Open3.popen3('echo "Foo"') { |i, o, e, t| o.gets }
 # "Foo\n"
 #
 # Argument +exe_path+
 #
 # Argument +exe_path+ is one of the following:
 #
 # - The string path to an executable to be called.
 # - A 2-element array containing the path to an executable
 # and the string to be used as the name of the executing process.
 #
 # Example:
 #
 # Open3.popen3('/usr/bin/date') { |i, o, e, t| o.gets }
 # # => "Wed Sep 27 02:56:44 PM CDT 2023\n"
 #
 # Ruby invokes the executable directly, with no shell and no shell expansion:
 #
 # Open3.popen3('doesnt_exist') { |i, o, e, t| o.gets } # Raises Errno::ENOENT
 #
 # If one or more +args+ is given, each is an argument or option
 # to be passed to the executable:
 #
 # Open3.popen3('echo', 'C #') { |i, o, e, t| o.gets }
 # # => "C #\n"
 # Open3.popen3('echo', 'hello', 'world') { |i, o, e, t| o.gets }
 # # => "hello world\n"
 #
 # Take care to avoid deadlocks.
 # Output streams +stdout+ and +stderr+ have fixed-size buffers,
 # so reading extensively from one but not the other can cause a deadlock
 # when the unread buffer fills.
 # To avoid that, +stdout+ and +stderr+ should be read simultaneously
 # (using threads or IO.select).
 #
 # Related:
 #
 # - Open3.popen2: Makes the standard input and standard output streams
 # of the child process available as separate streams,
 # with no access to the standard error stream.
 # - Open3.popen2e: Makes the standard input and the merge
 # of the standard output and standard error streams
 # of the child process available as separate streams.
 #
 def popen3(*cmd, &block)
 if Hash === cmd.last
 opts = cmd.pop.dup
 else
 opts = {}
 end

in_r, in_w = IO.pipe
    opts[:in] = in_r
    in_w.sync = true

out_r, out_w = IO.pipe
    opts[:out] = out_w

err_r, err_w = IO.pipe
    opts[:err] = err_w

popen_run(cmd, opts, [in_r, out_w, err_w], [in_w, out_r, err_r], &block)
  end
  module_function :popen3

# :call-seq:
 # Open3.popen2([env, ] command_line, options = {}) -> [stdin, stdout, wait_thread]
 # Open3.popen2([env, ] exe_path, *args, options = {}) -> [stdin, stdout, wait_thread]
 # Open3.popen2([env, ] command_line, options = {}) {|stdin, stdout, wait_thread| ... } -> object
 # Open3.popen2([env, ] exe_path, *args, options = {}) {|stdin, stdout, wait_thread| ... } -> object
 #
 # Basically a wrapper for
 # {Process.spawn}[rdoc-ref:Process.spawn]
 # that:
 #
 # - Creates a child process, by calling Process.spawn with the given arguments.
 # - Creates streams +stdin+ and +stdout+,
 # which are the standard input and standard output streams
 # in the child process.
 # - Creates thread +wait_thread+ that waits for the child process to exit;
 # the thread has method +pid+, which returns the process ID
 # of the child process.
 #
 # With no block given, returns the array
 # <tt>[stdin, stdout, wait_thread]</tt>.
 # The caller should close each of the two returned streams.
 #
 # stdin, stdout, wait_thread = Open3.popen2('echo')
 # # => [#<IO:fd 6>, #<IO:fd 7>, #<Process::Waiter:0x00007f58d52dbe98 run>]
 # stdin.close
 # stdout.close
 # wait_thread.pid # => 2263572
 # wait_thread.value # => #<Process::Status: pid 2263572 exit 0>
 #
 # With a block given, calls the block with the three variables
 # (two streams and the wait thread)
 # and returns the block's return value.
 # The caller need not close the streams:
 #
 # Open3.popen2('echo') do |stdin, stdout, wait_thread|
 # p stdin
 # p stdout
 # p wait_thread
 # p wait_thread.pid
 # p wait_thread.value
 # end
 #
 # Output:
 #
 # #<IO:fd 6>
 # #<IO:fd 7>
 # #<Process::Waiter:0x00007f58d59a34b0 sleep>
 # 2263636
 # #<Process::Status: pid 2263636 exit 0>
 #
 # Like Process.spawn, this method has potential security vulnerabilities
 # if called with untrusted input;
 # see {Command Injection}[rdoc-ref:command_injection.rdoc@Command+Injection].
 #
 # Unlike Process.spawn, this method waits for the child process to exit
 # before returning, so the caller need not do so.
 #
 # If the first argument is a hash, it becomes leading argument +env+
 # in the call to Process.spawn;
 # see {Execution Environment}[rdoc-ref:Process@Execution+Environment].
 #
 # If the last argument is a hash, it becomes trailing argument +options+
 # in the call to Process.spawn;
 # see {Execution Options}[rdoc-ref:Process@Execution+Options].
 #
 # The single required argument is one of the following:
 #
 # - +command_line+ if it is a string,
 # and if it begins with a shell reserved word or special built-in,
 # or if it contains one or more metacharacters.
 # - +exe_path+ otherwise.
 #
 # Argument +command_line+
 #
 # \String argument +command_line+ is a command line to be passed to a shell;
 # it must begin with a shell reserved word, begin with a special built-in,
 # or contain meta characters:
 #
 # Open3.popen2('if true; then echo "Foo"; fi') {|*args| p args } # Shell reserved word.
 # Open3.popen2('echo') {|*args| p args } # Built-in.
 # Open3.popen2('date > date.tmp') {|*args| p args } # Contains meta character.
 #
 # Output (similar for each call above):
 #
 # # => [#<IO:(closed)>, #<IO:(closed)>, #<Process::Waiter:0x00007f7577dfe410 dead>]
 #
 # The command line may also contain arguments and options for the command:
 #
 # Open3.popen2('echo "Foo"') { |i, o, t| o.gets }
 # "Foo\n"
 #
 # Argument +exe_path+
 #
 # Argument +exe_path+ is one of the following:
 #
 # - The string path to an executable to be called.
 # - A 2-element array containing the path to an executable
 # and the string to be used as the name of the executing process.
 #
 # Example:
 #
 # Open3.popen2('/usr/bin/date') { |i, o, t| o.gets }
 # # => "Thu Sep 28 09:41:06 AM CDT 2023\n"
 #
 # Ruby invokes the executable directly, with no shell and no shell expansion:
 #
 # Open3.popen2('doesnt_exist') { |i, o, t| o.gets } # Raises Errno::ENOENT
 #
 # If one or more +args+ is given, each is an argument or option
 # to be passed to the executable:
 #
 # Open3.popen2('echo', 'C #') { |i, o, t| o.gets }
 # # => "C #\n"
 # Open3.popen2('echo', 'hello', 'world') { |i, o, t| o.gets }
 # # => "hello world\n"
 #
 #
 # Related:
 #
 # - Open3.popen2e: Makes the standard input and the merge
 # of the standard output and standard error streams
 # of the child process available as separate streams.
 # - Open3.popen3: Makes the standard input, standard output,
 # and standard error streams
 # of the child process available as separate streams.
 #
 def popen2(*cmd, &block)
 if Hash === cmd.last
 opts = cmd.pop.dup
 else
 opts = {}
 end

in_r, in_w = IO.pipe
    opts[:in] = in_r
    in_w.sync = true

out_r, out_w = IO.pipe
    opts[:out] = out_w

popen_run(cmd, opts, [in_r, out_w], [in_w, out_r], &block)
  end
  module_function :popen2

# :call-seq:
 # Open3.popen2e([env, ] command_line, options = {}) -> [stdin, stdout_and_stderr, wait_thread]
 # Open3.popen2e([env, ] exe_path, *args, options = {}) -> [stdin, stdout_and_stderr, wait_thread]
 # Open3.popen2e([env, ] command_line, options = {}) {|stdin, stdout_and_stderr, wait_thread| ... } -> object
 # Open3.popen2e([env, ] exe_path, *args, options = {}) {|stdin, stdout_and_stderr, wait_thread| ... } -> object
 #
 # Basically a wrapper for
 # {Process.spawn}[rdoc-ref:Process.spawn]
 # that:
 #
 # - Creates a child process, by calling Process.spawn with the given arguments.
 # - Creates streams +stdin+, +stdout_and_stderr+,
 # which are the standard input and the merge of the standard output
 # and standard error streams in the child process.
 # - Creates thread +wait_thread+ that waits for the child process to exit;
 # the thread has method +pid+, which returns the process ID
 # of the child process.
 #
 # With no block given, returns the array
 # <tt>[stdin, stdout_and_stderr, wait_thread]</tt>.
 # The caller should close each of the two returned streams.
 #
 # stdin, stdout_and_stderr, wait_thread = Open3.popen2e('echo')
 # # => [#<IO:fd 6>, #<IO:fd 7>, #<Process::Waiter:0x00007f7577da4398 run>]
 # stdin.close
 # stdout_and_stderr.close
 # wait_thread.pid # => 2274600
 # wait_thread.value # => #<Process::Status: pid 2274600 exit 0>
 #
 # With a block given, calls the block with the three variables
 # (two streams and the wait thread)
 # and returns the block's return value.
 # The caller need not close the streams:
 #
 # Open3.popen2e('echo') do |stdin, stdout_and_stderr, wait_thread|
 # p stdin
 # p stdout_and_stderr
 # p wait_thread
 # p wait_thread.pid
 # p wait_thread.value
 # end
 #
 # Output:
 #
 # #<IO:fd 6>
 # #<IO:fd 7>
 # #<Process::Waiter:0x00007f75777578c8 sleep>
 # 2274763
 # #<Process::Status: pid 2274763 exit 0>
 #
 # Like Process.spawn, this method has potential security vulnerabilities
 # if called with untrusted input;
 # see {Command Injection}[rdoc-ref:command_injection.rdoc@Command+Injection].
 #
 # Unlike Process.spawn, this method waits for the child process to exit
 # before returning, so the caller need not do so.
 #
 # If the first argument is a hash, it becomes leading argument +env+
 # in the call to Process.spawn;
 # see {Execution Environment}[rdoc-ref:Process@Execution+Environment].
 #
 # If the last argument is a hash, it becomes trailing argument +options+
 # in the call to Process.spawn;
 # see {Execution Options}[rdoc-ref:Process@Execution+Options].
 #
 # The single required argument is one of the following:
 #
 # - +command_line+ if it is a string,
 # and if it begins with a shell reserved word or special built-in,
 # or if it contains one or more metacharacters.
 # - +exe_path+ otherwise.
 #
 # Argument +command_line+
 #
 # \String argument +command_line+ is a command line to be passed to a shell;
 # it must begin with a shell reserved word, begin with a special built-in,
 # or contain meta characters:
 #
 # Open3.popen2e('if true; then echo "Foo"; fi') {|*args| p args } # Shell reserved word.
 # Open3.popen2e('echo') {|*args| p args } # Built-in.
 # Open3.popen2e('date > date.tmp') {|*args| p args } # Contains meta character.
 #
 # Output (similar for each call above):
 #
 # # => [#<IO:(closed)>, #<IO:(closed)>, #<Process::Waiter:0x00007f7577d8a1f0 dead>]
 #
 # The command line may also contain arguments and options for the command:
 #
 # Open3.popen2e('echo "Foo"') { |i, o_and_e, t| o_and_e.gets }
 # "Foo\n"
 #
 # Argument +exe_path+
 #
 # Argument +exe_path+ is one of the following:
 #
 # - The string path to an executable to be called.
 # - A 2-element array containing the path to an executable
 # and the string to be used as the name of the executing process.
 #
 # Example:
 #
 # Open3.popen2e('/usr/bin/date') { |i, o_and_e, t| o_and_e.gets }
 # # => "Thu Sep 28 01:58:45 PM CDT 2023\n"
 #
 # Ruby invokes the executable directly, with no shell and no shell expansion:
 #
 # Open3.popen2e('doesnt_exist') { |i, o_and_e, t| o_and_e.gets } # Raises Errno::ENOENT
 #
 # If one or more +args+ is given, each is an argument or option
 # to be passed to the executable:
 #
 # Open3.popen2e('echo', 'C #') { |i, o_and_e, t| o_and_e.gets }
 # # => "C #\n"
 # Open3.popen2e('echo', 'hello', 'world') { |i, o_and_e, t| o_and_e.gets }
 # # => "hello world\n"
 #
 # Related:
 #
 # - Open3.popen2: Makes the standard input and standard output streams
 # of the child process available as separate streams,
 # with no access to the standard error stream.
 # - Open3.popen3: Makes the standard input, standard output,
 # and standard error streams
 # of the child process available as separate streams.
 #
 def popen2e(*cmd, &block)
 if Hash === cmd.last
 opts = cmd.pop.dup
 else
 opts = {}
 end

in_r, in_w = IO.pipe
    opts[:in] = in_r
    in_w.sync = true

out_r, out_w = IO.pipe
    opts[[:out, :err]] = out_w

popen_run(cmd, opts, [in_r, out_w], [in_w, out_r], &block)
  ensure
    if block
      in_r.close
      in_w.close
      out_r.close
      out_w.close
    end
  end
  module_function :popen2e

def popen_run(cmd, opts, child_io, parent_io) # :nodoc:
 pid = spawn(*cmd, opts)
 wait_thr = Process.detach(pid)
 child_io.each(&:close)
 result = [*parent_io, wait_thr]
 if defined? yield
 begin
 return yield(*result)
 ensure
 parent_io.each(&:close)
 wait_thr.join
 end
 end
 result
 end
 module_function :popen_run
 class << self
 private :popen_run
 end

# :call-seq:
 # Open3.capture3([env, ] command_line, options = {}) -> [stdout_s, stderr_s, status]
 # Open3.capture3([env, ] exe_path, *args, options = {}) -> [stdout_s, stderr_s, status]
 #
 # Basically a wrapper for Open3.popen3 that:
 #
 # - Creates a child process, by calling Open3.popen3 with the given arguments
 # (except for certain entries in hash +options+; see below).
 # - Returns as strings +stdout_s+ and +stderr_s+ the standard output
 # and standard error of the child process.
 # - Returns as +status+ a <tt>Process::Status</tt> object
 # that represents the exit status of the child process.
 #
 # Returns the array <tt>[stdout_s, stderr_s, status]</tt>:
 #
 # stdout_s, stderr_s, status = Open3.capture3('echo "Foo"')
 # # => ["Foo\n", "", #<Process::Status: pid 2281954 exit 0>]
 #
 # Like Process.spawn, this method has potential security vulnerabilities
 # if called with untrusted input;
 # see {Command Injection}[rdoc-ref:command_injection.rdoc@Command+Injection].
 #
 # Unlike Process.spawn, this method waits for the child process to exit
 # before returning, so the caller need not do so.
 #
 # If the first argument is a hash, it becomes leading argument +env+
 # in the call to Open3.popen3;
 # see {Execution Environment}[rdoc-ref:Process@Execution+Environment].
 #
 # If the last argument is a hash, it becomes trailing argument +options+
 # in the call to Open3.popen3;
 # see {Execution Options}[rdoc-ref:Process@Execution+Options].
 #
 # The hash +options+ is given;
 # two options have local effect in method Open3.capture3:
 #
 # - If entry <tt>options[:stdin_data]</tt> exists, the entry is removed
 # and its string value is sent to the command's standard input:
 #
 # Open3.capture3('tee', stdin_data: 'Foo')
 # # => ["Foo", "", #<Process::Status: pid 2319575 exit 0>]
 #
 # - If entry <tt>options[:binmode]</tt> exists, the entry is removed and
 # the internal streams are set to binary mode.
 #
 # The single required argument is one of the following:
 #
 # - +command_line+ if it is a string,
 # and if it begins with a shell reserved word or special built-in,
 # or if it contains one or more metacharacters.
 # - +exe_path+ otherwise.
 #
 # Argument +command_line+
 #
 # \String argument +command_line+ is a command line to be passed to a shell;
 # it must begin with a shell reserved word, begin with a special built-in,
 # or contain meta characters:
 #
 # Open3.capture3('if true; then echo "Foo"; fi') # Shell reserved word.
 # # => ["Foo\n", "", #<Process::Status: pid 2282025 exit 0>]
 # Open3.capture3('echo') # Built-in.
 # # => ["\n", "", #<Process::Status: pid 2282092 exit 0>]
 # Open3.capture3('date > date.tmp') # Contains meta character.
 # # => ["", "", #<Process::Status: pid 2282110 exit 0>]
 #
 # The command line may also contain arguments and options for the command:
 #
 # Open3.capture3('echo "Foo"')
 # # => ["Foo\n", "", #<Process::Status: pid 2282092 exit 0>]
 #
 # Argument +exe_path+
 #
 # Argument +exe_path+ is one of the following:
 #
 # - The string path to an executable to be called.
 # - A 2-element array containing the path to an executable
 # and the string to be used as the name of the executing process.
 #
 # Example:
 #
 # Open3.capture3('/usr/bin/date')
 # # => ["Thu Sep 28 05:03:51 PM CDT 2023\n", "", #<Process::Status: pid 2282300 exit 0>]
 #
 # Ruby invokes the executable directly, with no shell and no shell expansion:
 #
 # Open3.capture3('doesnt_exist') # Raises Errno::ENOENT
 #
 # If one or more +args+ is given, each is an argument or option
 # to be passed to the executable:
 #
 # Open3.capture3('echo', 'C #')
 # # => ["C #\n", "", #<Process::Status: pid 2282368 exit 0>]
 # Open3.capture3('echo', 'hello', 'world')
 # # => ["hello world\n", "", #<Process::Status: pid 2282372 exit 0>]
 #
 def capture3(*cmd)
 if Hash === cmd.last
 opts = cmd.pop.dup
 else
 opts = {}
 end

stdin_data = opts.delete(:stdin_data) || ''
    binmode = opts.delete(:binmode)

popen3(*cmd, opts) {|i, o, e, t|
      if binmode
        i.binmode
        o.binmode
        e.binmode
      end
      out_reader = Thread.new { o.read }
      err_reader = Thread.new { e.read }
      begin
        if stdin_data.respond_to? :readpartial
          IO.copy_stream(stdin_data, i)
        else
          i.write stdin_data
        end
      rescue Errno::EPIPE
      end
      i.close
      [out_reader.value, err_reader.value, t.value]
    }
  end
  module_function :capture3

# :call-seq:
 # Open3.capture2([env, ] command_line, options = {}) -> [stdout_s, status]
 # Open3.capture2([env, ] exe_path, *args, options = {}) -> [stdout_s, status]
 #
 # Basically a wrapper for Open3.popen3 that:
 #
 # - Creates a child process, by calling Open3.popen3 with the given arguments
 # (except for certain entries in hash +options+; see below).
 # - Returns as string +stdout_s+ the standard output of the child process.
 # - Returns as +status+ a <tt>Process::Status</tt> object
 # that represents the exit status of the child process.
 #
 # Returns the array <tt>[stdout_s, status]</tt>:
 #
 # stdout_s, status = Open3.capture2('echo "Foo"')
 # # => ["Foo\n", #<Process::Status: pid 2326047 exit 0>]
 #
 # Like Process.spawn, this method has potential security vulnerabilities
 # if called with untrusted input;
 # see {Command Injection}[rdoc-ref:command_injection.rdoc@Command+Injection].
 #
 # Unlike Process.spawn, this method waits for the child process to exit
 # before returning, so the caller need not do so.
 #
 # If the first argument is a hash, it becomes leading argument +env+
 # in the call to Open3.popen3;
 # see {Execution Environment}[rdoc-ref:Process@Execution+Environment].
 #
 # If the last argument is a hash, it becomes trailing argument +options+
 # in the call to Open3.popen3;
 # see {Execution Options}[rdoc-ref:Process@Execution+Options].
 #
 # The hash +options+ is given;
 # two options have local effect in method Open3.capture2:
 #
 # - If entry <tt>options[:stdin_data]</tt> exists, the entry is removed
 # and its string value is sent to the command's standard input:
 #
 # Open3.capture2('tee', stdin_data: 'Foo')
 #
 # # => ["Foo", #<Process::Status: pid 2326087 exit 0>]
 #
 # - If entry <tt>options[:binmode]</tt> exists, the entry is removed and
 # the internal streams are set to binary mode.
 #
 # The single required argument is one of the following:
 #
 # - +command_line+ if it is a string,
 # and if it begins with a shell reserved word or special built-in,
 # or if it contains one or more metacharacters.
 # - +exe_path+ otherwise.
 #
 # Argument +command_line+
 #
 # \String argument +command_line+ is a command line to be passed to a shell;
 # it must begin with a shell reserved word, begin with a special built-in,
 # or contain meta characters:
 #
 # Open3.capture2('if true; then echo "Foo"; fi') # Shell reserved word.
 # # => ["Foo\n", #<Process::Status: pid 2326131 exit 0>]
 # Open3.capture2('echo') # Built-in.
 # # => ["\n", #<Process::Status: pid 2326139 exit 0>]
 # Open3.capture2('date > date.tmp') # Contains meta character.
 # # => ["", #<Process::Status: pid 2326174 exit 0>]
 #
 # The command line may also contain arguments and options for the command:
 #
 # Open3.capture2('echo "Foo"')
 # # => ["Foo\n", #<Process::Status: pid 2326183 exit 0>]
 #
 # Argument +exe_path+
 #
 # Argument +exe_path+ is one of the following:
 #
 # - The string path to an executable to be called.
 # - A 2-element array containing the path to an executable
 # and the string to be used as the name of the executing process.
 #
 # Example:
 #
 # Open3.capture2('/usr/bin/date')
 # # => ["Fri Sep 29 01:00:39 PM CDT 2023\n", #<Process::Status: pid 2326222 exit 0>]
 #
 # Ruby invokes the executable directly, with no shell and no shell expansion:
 #
 # Open3.capture2('doesnt_exist') # Raises Errno::ENOENT
 #
 # If one or more +args+ is given, each is an argument or option
 # to be passed to the executable:
 #
 # Open3.capture2('echo', 'C #')
 # # => ["C #\n", #<Process::Status: pid 2326267 exit 0>]
 # Open3.capture2('echo', 'hello', 'world')
 # # => ["hello world\n", #<Process::Status: pid 2326299 exit 0>]
 #
 def capture2(*cmd)
 if Hash === cmd.last
 opts = cmd.pop.dup
 else
 opts = {}
 end

stdin_data = opts.delete(:stdin_data)
    binmode = opts.delete(:binmode)

popen2(*cmd, opts) {|i, o, t|
      if binmode
        i.binmode
        o.binmode
      end
      out_reader = Thread.new { o.read }
      if stdin_data
        begin
          if stdin_data.respond_to? :readpartial
            IO.copy_stream(stdin_data, i)
          else
            i.write stdin_data
          end
        rescue Errno::EPIPE
        end
      end
      i.close
      [out_reader.value, t.value]
    }
  end
  module_function :capture2

# :call-seq:
 # Open3.capture2e([env, ] command_line, options = {}) -> [stdout_and_stderr_s, status]
 # Open3.capture2e([env, ] exe_path, *args, options = {}) -> [stdout_and_stderr_s, status]
 #
 # Basically a wrapper for Open3.popen3 that:
 #
 # - Creates a child process, by calling Open3.popen3 with the given arguments
 # (except for certain entries in hash +options+; see below).
 # - Returns as string +stdout_and_stderr_s+ the merged standard output
 # and standard error of the child process.
 # - Returns as +status+ a <tt>Process::Status</tt> object
 # that represents the exit status of the child process.
 #
 # Returns the array <tt>[stdout_and_stderr_s, status]</tt>:
 #
 # stdout_and_stderr_s, status = Open3.capture2e('echo "Foo"')
 # # => ["Foo\n", #<Process::Status: pid 2371692 exit 0>]
 #
 # Like Process.spawn, this method has potential security vulnerabilities
 # if called with untrusted input;
 # see {Command Injection}[rdoc-ref:command_injection.rdoc@Command+Injection].
 #
 # Unlike Process.spawn, this method waits for the child process to exit
 # before returning, so the caller need not do so.
 #
 # If the first argument is a hash, it becomes leading argument +env+
 # in the call to Open3.popen3;
 # see {Execution Environment}[rdoc-ref:Process@Execution+Environment].
 #
 # If the last argument is a hash, it becomes trailing argument +options+
 # in the call to Open3.popen3;
 # see {Execution Options}[rdoc-ref:Process@Execution+Options].
 #
 # The hash +options+ is given;
 # two options have local effect in method Open3.capture2e:
 #
 # - If entry <tt>options[:stdin_data]</tt> exists, the entry is removed
 # and its string value is sent to the command's standard input:
 #
 # Open3.capture2e('tee', stdin_data: 'Foo')
 # # => ["Foo", #<Process::Status: pid 2371732 exit 0>]
 #
 # - If entry <tt>options[:binmode]</tt> exists, the entry is removed and
 # the internal streams are set to binary mode.
 #
 # The single required argument is one of the following:
 #
 # - +command_line+ if it is a string,
 # and if it begins with a shell reserved word or special built-in,
 # or if it contains one or more metacharacters.
 # - +exe_path+ otherwise.
 #
 # Argument +command_line+
 #
 # \String argument +command_line+ is a command line to be passed to a shell;
 # it must begin with a shell reserved word, begin with a special built-in,
 # or contain meta characters:
 #
 # Open3.capture2e('if true; then echo "Foo"; fi') # Shell reserved word.
 # # => ["Foo\n", #<Process::Status: pid 2371740 exit 0>]
 # Open3.capture2e('echo') # Built-in.
 # # => ["\n", #<Process::Status: pid 2371774 exit 0>]
 # Open3.capture2e('date > date.tmp') # Contains meta character.
 # # => ["", #<Process::Status: pid 2371812 exit 0>]
 #
 # The command line may also contain arguments and options for the command:
 #
 # Open3.capture2e('echo "Foo"')
 # # => ["Foo\n", #<Process::Status: pid 2326183 exit 0>]
 #
 # Argument +exe_path+
 #
 # Argument +exe_path+ is one of the following:
 #
 # - The string path to an executable to be called.
 # - A 2-element array containing the path to an executable
 # and the string to be used as the name of the executing process.
 #
 # Example:
 #
 # Open3.capture2e('/usr/bin/date')
 # # => ["Sat Sep 30 09:01:46 AM CDT 2023\n", #<Process::Status: pid 2371820 exit 0>]
 #
 # Ruby invokes the executable directly, with no shell and no shell expansion:
 #
 # Open3.capture2e('doesnt_exist') # Raises Errno::ENOENT
 #
 # If one or more +args+ is given, each is an argument or option
 # to be passed to the executable:
 #
 # Open3.capture2e('echo', 'C #')
 # # => ["C #\n", #<Process::Status: pid 2371856 exit 0>]
 # Open3.capture2e('echo', 'hello', 'world')
 # # => ["hello world\n", #<Process::Status: pid 2371894 exit 0>]
 #
 def capture2e(*cmd)
 if Hash === cmd.last
 opts = cmd.pop.dup
 else
 opts = {}
 end

stdin_data = opts.delete(:stdin_data)
    binmode = opts.delete(:binmode)

popen2e(*cmd, opts) {|i, oe, t|
      if binmode
        i.binmode
        oe.binmode
      end
      outerr_reader = Thread.new { oe.read }
      if stdin_data
        begin
          if stdin_data.respond_to? :readpartial
            IO.copy_stream(stdin_data, i)
          else
            i.write stdin_data
          end
        rescue Errno::EPIPE
        end
      end
      i.close
      [outerr_reader.value, t.value]
    }
  end
  module_function :capture2e

# :call-seq:
 # Open3.pipeline_rw([env, ] *cmds, options = {}) -> [first_stdin, last_stdout, wait_threads]
 #
 # Basically a wrapper for
 # {Process.spawn}[rdoc-ref:Process.spawn]
 # that:
 #
 # - Creates a child process for each of the given +cmds+
 # by calling Process.spawn.
 # - Pipes the +stdout+ from each child to the +stdin+ of the next child,
 # or, for the first child, from the caller's +stdin+,
 # or, for the last child, to the caller's +stdout+.
 #
 # The method does not wait for child processes to exit,
 # so the caller must do so.
 #
 # With no block given, returns a 3-element array containing:
 #
 # - The +stdin+ stream of the first child process.
 # - The +stdout+ stream of the last child process.
 # - An array of the wait threads for all of the child processes.
 #
 # Example:
 #
 # first_stdin, last_stdout, wait_threads = Open3.pipeline_rw('sort', 'cat -n')
 # # => [#<IO:fd 20>, #<IO:fd 21>, [#<Process::Waiter:0x000055e8de29ab40 sleep>, #<Process::Waiter:0x000055e8de29a690 sleep>]]
 # first_stdin.puts("foo\nbar\nbaz")
 # first_stdin.close # Send EOF to sort.
 # puts last_stdout.read
 # wait_threads.each do |wait_thread|
 # wait_thread.join
 # end
 #
 # Output:
 #
 # 1	bar
 # 2	baz
 # 3	foo
 #
 # With a block given, calls the block with the +stdin+ stream of the first child,
 # the +stdout+ stream of the last child,
 # and an array of the wait processes:
 #
 # Open3.pipeline_rw('sort', 'cat -n') do |first_stdin, last_stdout, wait_threads|
 # first_stdin.puts "foo\nbar\nbaz"
 # first_stdin.close # send EOF to sort.
 # puts last_stdout.read
 # wait_threads.each do |wait_thread|
 # wait_thread.join
 # end
 # end
 #
 # Output:
 #
 # 1	bar
 # 2	baz
 # 3	foo
 #
 # Like Process.spawn, this method has potential security vulnerabilities
 # if called with untrusted input;
 # see {Command Injection}[rdoc-ref:command_injection.rdoc@Command+Injection].
 #
 # If the first argument is a hash, it becomes leading argument +env+
 # in each call to Process.spawn;
 # see {Execution Environment}[rdoc-ref:Process@Execution+Environment].
 #
 # If the last argument is a hash, it becomes trailing argument +options+
 # in each call to Process.spawn;
 # see {Execution Options}[rdoc-ref:Process@Execution+Options].
 #
 # Each remaining argument in +cmds+ is one of:
 #
 # - A +command_line+: a string that begins with a shell reserved word
 # or special built-in, or contains one or more metacharacters.
 # - An +exe_path+: the string path to an executable to be called.
 # - An array containing a +command_line+ or an +exe_path+,
 # along with zero or more string arguments for the command.
 #
 # See {Argument command_line or exe_path}[rdoc-ref:Process@Argument+command_line+or+exe_path].
 #
 def pipeline_rw(*cmds, &block)
 if Hash === cmds.last
 opts = cmds.pop.dup
 else
 opts = {}
 end

in_r, in_w = IO.pipe
    opts[:in] = in_r
    in_w.sync = true

out_r, out_w = IO.pipe
    opts[:out] = out_w

pipeline_run(cmds, opts, [in_r, out_w], [in_w, out_r], &block)
  end
  module_function :pipeline_rw

# :call-seq:
 # Open3.pipeline_r([env, ] *cmds, options = {}) -> [last_stdout, wait_threads]
 #
 # Basically a wrapper for
 # {Process.spawn}[rdoc-ref:Process.spawn]
 # that:
 #
 # - Creates a child process for each of the given +cmds+
 # by calling Process.spawn.
 # - Pipes the +stdout+ from each child to the +stdin+ of the next child,
 # or, for the last child, to the caller's +stdout+.
 #
 # The method does not wait for child processes to exit,
 # so the caller must do so.
 #
 # With no block given, returns a 2-element array containing:
 #
 # - The +stdout+ stream of the last child process.
 # - An array of the wait threads for all of the child processes.
 #
 # Example:
 #
 # last_stdout, wait_threads = Open3.pipeline_r('ls', 'grep R')
 # # => [#<IO:fd 5>, [#<Process::Waiter:0x000055e8de2f9898 dead>, #<Process::Waiter:0x000055e8de2f94b0 sleep>]]
 # puts last_stdout.read
 # wait_threads.each do |wait_thread|
 # wait_thread.join
 # end
 #
 # Output:
 #
 # Rakefile
 # README.md
 #
 # With a block given, calls the block with the +stdout+ stream
 # of the last child process,
 # and an array of the wait processes:
 #
 # Open3.pipeline_r('ls', 'grep R') do |last_stdout, wait_threads|
 # puts last_stdout.read
 # wait_threads.each do |wait_thread|
 # wait_thread.join
 # end
 # end
 #
 # Output:
 #
 # Rakefile
 # README.md
 #
 # Like Process.spawn, this method has potential security vulnerabilities
 # if called with untrusted input;
 # see {Command Injection}[rdoc-ref:command_injection.rdoc@Command+Injection].
 #
 # If the first argument is a hash, it becomes leading argument +env+
 # in each call to Process.spawn;
 # see {Execution Environment}[rdoc-ref:Process@Execution+Environment].
 #
 # If the last argument is a hash, it becomes trailing argument +options+
 # in each call to Process.spawn;
 # see {Execution Options}[rdoc-ref:Process@Execution+Options].
 #
 # Each remaining argument in +cmds+ is one of:
 #
 # - A +command_line+: a string that begins with a shell reserved word
 # or special built-in, or contains one or more metacharacters.
 # - An +exe_path+: the string path to an executable to be called.
 # - An array containing a +command_line+ or an +exe_path+,
 # along with zero or more string arguments for the command.
 #
 # See {Argument command_line or exe_path}[rdoc-ref:Process@Argument+command_line+or+exe_path].
 #
 def pipeline_r(*cmds, &block)
 if Hash === cmds.last
 opts = cmds.pop.dup
 else
 opts = {}
 end

out_r, out_w = IO.pipe
    opts[:out] = out_w

pipeline_run(cmds, opts, [out_w], [out_r], &block)
  end
  module_function :pipeline_r

# :call-seq:
 # Open3.pipeline_w([env, ] *cmds, options = {}) -> [first_stdin, wait_threads]
 #
 # Basically a wrapper for
 # {Process.spawn}[rdoc-ref:Process.spawn]
 # that:
 #
 # - Creates a child process for each of the given +cmds+
 # by calling Process.spawn.
 # - Pipes the +stdout+ from each child to the +stdin+ of the next child,
 # or, for the first child, pipes the caller's +stdout+ to the child's +stdin+.
 #
 # The method does not wait for child processes to exit,
 # so the caller must do so.
 #
 # With no block given, returns a 2-element array containing:
 #
 # - The +stdin+ stream of the first child process.
 # - An array of the wait threads for all of the child processes.
 #
 # Example:
 #
 # first_stdin, wait_threads = Open3.pipeline_w('sort', 'cat -n')
 # # => [#<IO:fd 7>, [#<Process::Waiter:0x000055e8de928278 run>, #<Process::Waiter:0x000055e8de923e80 run>]]
 # first_stdin.puts("foo\nbar\nbaz")
 # first_stdin.close # Send EOF to sort.
 # wait_threads.each do |wait_thread|
 # wait_thread.join
 # end
 #
 # Output:
 #
 # 1	bar
 # 2	baz
 # 3	foo
 #
 # With a block given, calls the block with the +stdin+ stream
 # of the first child process,
 # and an array of the wait processes:
 #
 # Open3.pipeline_w('sort', 'cat -n') do |first_stdin, wait_threads|
 # first_stdin.puts("foo\nbar\nbaz")
 # first_stdin.close # Send EOF to sort.
 # wait_threads.each do |wait_thread|
 # wait_thread.join
 # end
 # end
 #
 # Output:
 #
 # 1	bar
 # 2	baz
 # 3	foo
 #
 # Like Process.spawn, this method has potential security vulnerabilities
 # if called with untrusted input;
 # see {Command Injection}[rdoc-ref:command_injection.rdoc@Command+Injection].
 #
 # If the first argument is a hash, it becomes leading argument +env+
 # in each call to Process.spawn;
 # see {Execution Environment}[rdoc-ref:Process@Execution+Environment].
 #
 # If the last argument is a hash, it becomes trailing argument +options+
 # in each call to Process.spawn;
 # see {Execution Options}[rdoc-ref:Process@Execution+Options].
 #
 # Each remaining argument in +cmds+ is one of:
 #
 # - A +command_line+: a string that begins with a shell reserved word
 # or special built-in, or contains one or more metacharacters.
 # - An +exe_path+: the string path to an executable to be called.
 # - An array containing a +command_line+ or an +exe_path+,
 # along with zero or more string arguments for the command.
 #
 # See {Argument command_line or exe_path}[rdoc-ref:Process@Argument+command_line+or+exe_path].
 #
 def pipeline_w(*cmds, &block)
 if Hash === cmds.last
 opts = cmds.pop.dup
 else
 opts = {}
 end

in_r, in_w = IO.pipe
    opts[:in] = in_r
    in_w.sync = true

pipeline_run(cmds, opts, [in_r], [in_w], &block)
  end
  module_function :pipeline_w

# :call-seq:
 # Open3.pipeline_start([env, ] *cmds, options = {}) -> [wait_threads]
 #
 # Basically a wrapper for
 # {Process.spawn}[rdoc-ref:Process.spawn]
 # that:
 #
 # - Creates a child process for each of the given +cmds+
 # by calling Process.spawn.
 # - Does not wait for child processes to exit.
 #
 # With no block given, returns an array of the wait threads
 # for all of the child processes.
 #
 # Example:
 #
 # wait_threads = Open3.pipeline_start('ls', 'grep R')
 # # => [#<Process::Waiter:0x000055e8de9d2bb0 run>, #<Process::Waiter:0x000055e8de9d2890 run>]
 # wait_threads.each do |wait_thread|
 # wait_thread.join
 # end
 #
 # Output:
 #
 # Rakefile
 # README.md
 #
 # With a block given, calls the block with an array of the wait processes:
 #
 # Open3.pipeline_start('ls', 'grep R') do |wait_threads|
 # wait_threads.each do |wait_thread|
 # wait_thread.join
 # end
 # end
 #
 # Output:
 #
 # Rakefile
 # README.md
 #
 # Like Process.spawn, this method has potential security vulnerabilities
 # if called with untrusted input;
 # see {Command Injection}[rdoc-ref:command_injection.rdoc@Command+Injection].
 #
 # If the first argument is a hash, it becomes leading argument +env+
 # in each call to Process.spawn;
 # see {Execution Environment}[rdoc-ref:Process@Execution+Environment].
 #
 # If the last argument is a hash, it becomes trailing argument +options+
 # in each call to Process.spawn;
 # see {Execution Options}[rdoc-ref:Process@Execution+Options].
 #
 # Each remaining argument in +cmds+ is one of:
 #
 # - A +command_line+: a string that begins with a shell reserved word
 # or special built-in, or contains one or more metacharacters.
 # - An +exe_path+: the string path to an executable to be called.
 # - An array containing a +command_line+ or an +exe_path+,
 # along with zero or more string arguments for the command.
 #
 # See {Argument command_line or exe_path}[rdoc-ref:Process@Argument+command_line+or+exe_path].
 #
 def pipeline_start(*cmds, &block)
 if Hash === cmds.last
 opts = cmds.pop.dup
 else
 opts = {}
 end

if block
      pipeline_run(cmds, opts, [], [], &block)
    else
      ts, = pipeline_run(cmds, opts, [], [])
      ts
    end
  end
  module_function :pipeline_start

# :call-seq:
 # Open3.pipeline([env, ] *cmds, options = {}) -> array_of_statuses
 #
 # Basically a wrapper for
 # {Process.spawn}[rdoc-ref:Process.spawn]
 # that:
 #
 # - Creates a child process for each of the given +cmds+
 # by calling Process.spawn.
 # - Pipes the +stdout+ from each child to the +stdin+ of the next child,
 # or, for the last child, to the caller's +stdout+.
 # - Waits for the child processes to exit.
 # - Returns an array of Process::Status objects (one for each child).
 #
 # Example:
 #
 # wait_threads = Open3.pipeline('ls', 'grep R')
 # # => [#<Process::Status: pid 2139200 exit 0>, #<Process::Status: pid 2139202 exit 0>]
 #
 # Output:
 #
 # Rakefile
 # README.md
 #
 # Like Process.spawn, this method has potential security vulnerabilities
 # if called with untrusted input;
 # see {Command Injection}[rdoc-ref:command_injection.rdoc@Command+Injection].
 #
 # If the first argument is a hash, it becomes leading argument +env+
 # in each call to Process.spawn;
 # see {Execution Environment}[rdoc-ref:Process@Execution+Environment].
 #
 # If the last argument is a hash, it becomes trailing argument +options+
 # in each call to Process.spawn'
 # see {Execution Options}[rdoc-ref:Process@Execution+Options].
 #
 # Each remaining argument in +cmds+ is one of:
 #
 # - A +command_line+: a string that begins with a shell reserved word
 # or special built-in, or contains one or more metacharacters.
 # - An +exe_path+: the string path to an executable to be called.
 # - An array containing a +command_line+ or an +exe_path+,
 # along with zero or more string arguments for the command.
 #
 # See {Argument command_line or exe_path}[rdoc-ref:Process@Argument+command_line+or+exe_path].
 #
 def pipeline(*cmds)
 if Hash === cmds.last
 opts = cmds.pop.dup
 else
 opts = {}
 end

pipeline_run(cmds, opts, [], []) {|ts|
      ts.map(&:value)
    }
  end
  module_function :pipeline

def pipeline_run(cmds, pipeline_opts, child_io, parent_io) # :nodoc:
    if cmds.empty?
      raise ArgumentError, "no commands"
    end

opts_base = pipeline_opts.dup
    opts_base.delete :in
    opts_base.delete :out

wait_thrs = []
 r = nil
 cmds.each_with_index {|cmd, i|
 cmd_opts = opts_base.dup
 if String === cmd
 cmd = [cmd]
 else
 cmd_opts.update cmd.pop if Hash === cmd.last
 end
 if i == 0
 if !cmd_opts.include?(:in)
 if pipeline_opts.include?(:in)
 cmd_opts[:in] = pipeline_opts[:in]
 end
 end
 else
 cmd_opts[:in] = r
 end
 if i != cmds.length - 1
 r2, w2 = IO.pipe
 cmd_opts[:out] = w2
 else
 if !cmd_opts.include?(:out)
 if pipeline_opts.include?(:out)
 cmd_opts[:out] = pipeline_opts[:out]
 end
 end
 end
 pid = spawn(*cmd, cmd_opts)
 wait_thrs << Process.detach(pid)
 r&.close
 w2&.close
 r = r2
 }
 result = parent_io + [wait_thrs]
 child_io.each(&:close)
 if defined? yield
 begin
 return yield(*result)
 ensure
 parent_io.each(&:close)
 wait_thrs.each(&:join)
 end
 end
 result
 end
 module_function :pipeline_run
 class << self
 private :pipeline_run
 end

end

# JRuby uses different popen logic on Windows, require it here to reuse wrapper methods above.
require 'open3/jruby_windows' if RUBY_ENGINE == 'jruby' && JRuby::Util::ON_WINDOWS